= $display_name;
		return $this->role_objects[ $role ];
	}

	/**
	 * Removes a role by name.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role Role name.
	 */
	public function remove_role( $role ) {
		if ( ! isset( $this->role_objects[ $role ] ) ) {
			return;
		}

		unset( $this->role_objects[ $role ] );
		unset( $this->role_names[ $role ] );
		unset( $this->roles[ $role ] );

		if ( $this->use_db ) {
			update_option( $this->role_key, $this->roles );
		}

		if ( get_option( 'default_role' ) == $role ) {
			update_option( 'default_role', 'subscriber' );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Adds a capability to role.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role  Role name.
	 * @param string $cap   Capability name.
	 * @param bool   $grant Optional. Whether role is capable of performing capability.
	 *                      Default true.
	 */
	public function add_cap( $role, $cap, $grant = true ) {
		if ( ! isset( $this->roles[ $role ] ) ) {
			return;
		}

		$this->roles[ $role ]['capabilities'][ $cap ] = $grant;
		if ( $this->use_db ) {
			update_option( $this->role_key, $this->roles );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Removes a capability from role.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role Role name.
	 * @param string $cap  Capability name.
	 */
	public function remove_cap( $role, $cap ) {
		if ( ! isset( $this->roles[ $role ] ) ) {
			return;
		}

		unset( $this->roles[ $role ]['capabilities'][ $cap ] );
		if ( $this->use_db ) {
			update_option( $this->role_key, $this->roles );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves a role object by name.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role Role name.
	 * @return WP_Role|null WP_Role object if found, null if the role does not exist.
	 */
	public function get_role( $role ) {
		if ( isset( $this->role_objects[ $role ] ) ) {
			return $this->role_objects[ $role ];
		} else {
			return null;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves a list of role names.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @return string[] List of role names.
	 */
	public function get_names() {
		return $this->role_names;
	}

	/**
	 * Determines whether a role name is currently in the list of available roles.
	 *
	 * @since 2.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $role Role name to look up.
	 * @return bool
	 */
	public function is_role( $role ) {
		return isset( $this->role_names[ $role ] );
	}

	/**
	 * Initializes all of the available roles.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 */
	public function init_roles() {
		if ( empty( $this->roles ) ) {
			return;
		}

		$this->role_objects = array();
		$this->role_names   = array();
		foreach ( array_keys( $this->roles ) as $role ) {
			$this->role_objects[ $role ] = new WP_Role( $role, $this->roles[ $role ]['capabilities'] );
			$this->role_names[ $role ]   = $this->roles[ $role ]['name'];
		}

		/**
		 * Fires after the roles have been initialized, allowing plugins to add their own roles.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_Roles $wp_roles A reference to the WP_Roles object.
		 */
		do_action( 'wp_roles_init', $this );
	}

	/**
	 * Sets the site to operate on. Defaults to the current site.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 *
	 * @param int $site_id Site ID to initialize roles for. Default is the current site.
	 */
	public function for_site( $site_id = null ) {
		global $wpdb;

		if ( ! empty( $site_id ) ) {
			$this->site_id = absint( $site_id );
		} else {
			$this->site_id = get_current_blog_id();
		}

		$this->role_key = $wpdb->get_blog_prefix( $this->site_id ) . 'user_roles';

		if ( ! empty( $this->roles ) && ! $this->use_db ) {
			return;
		}

		$this->roles = $this->get_roles_data();

		$this->init_roles();
	}

	/**
	 * Gets the ID of the site for which roles are currently initialized.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 *
	 * @return int Site ID.
	 */
	public function get_site_id() {
		return $this->site_id;
	}

	/**
	 * Gets the available roles data.
	 *
	 * @since 4.9.0
	 *
	 * @global array $wp_user_roles Used to set the 'roles' property value.
	 *
	 * @return array Roles array.
	 */
	protected function get_roles_data() {
		global $wp_user_roles;

		if ( ! empty( $wp_user_roles ) ) {
			return $wp_user_roles;
		}

		if ( is_multisite() && get_current_blog_id() != $this->site_id ) {
			remove_action( 'switch_blog', 'wp_switch_roles_and_user', 1 );

			$roles = get_blog_option( $this->site_id, $this->role_key, array() );

			add_action( 'switch_blog', 'wp_switch_roles_and_user', 1, 2 );

			return $roles;
		}

		return get_option( $this->role_key, array() );
	}
}
to_add as $add_key => $value ) {
			$remove_keys = array_keys(
				array_filter(
					$current_values,
					function ( $stored_value ) use ( $meta_key, $subtype, $value ) {
						return $this->is_meta_value_same_as_stored_value( $meta_key, $subtype, $stored_value, $value );
					}
				)
			);

			if ( empty( $remove_keys ) ) {
				continue;
			}

			if ( count( $remove_keys ) > 1 ) {
				// To remove, we need to remove first, then add, so don't touch.
				continue;
			}

			$remove_key = $remove_keys[0];

			unset( $to_remove[ $remove_key ] );
			unset( $to_add[ $add_key ] );
		}

		/*
		 * `delete_metadata` removes _all_ instances of the value, so only call once. Otherwise,
		 * `delete_metadata` will return false for subsequent calls of the same value.
		 * Use serialization to produce a predictable string that can be used by array_unique.
		 */
		$to_remove = array_map( 'maybe_unserialize', array_unique( array_map( 'maybe_serialize', $to_remove ) ) );

		foreach ( $to_remove as $value ) {
			if ( ! delete_metadata( $meta_type, $object_id, wp_slash( $meta_key ), wp_slash( $value ) ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_meta_database_error',
					/* translators: %s: Custom field key. */
					sprintf( __( 'Could not update the meta value of %s in database.' ), $meta_key ),
					array(
						'key'    => $name,
						'status' => WP_Http::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
					)
				);
			}
		}

		foreach ( $to_add as $value ) {
			if ( ! add_metadata( $meta_type, $object_id, wp_slash( $meta_key ), wp_slash( $value ) ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_meta_database_error',
					/* translators: %s: Custom field key. */
					sprintf( __( 'Could not update the meta value of %s in database.' ), $meta_key ),
					array(
						'key'    => $name,
						'status' => WP_Http::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
					)
				);
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Updates a meta value for an object.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param int    $object_id Object ID to update.
	 * @param string $meta_key  Key for the custom field.
	 * @param string $name      Name for the field that is exposed in the REST API.
	 * @param mixed  $value     Updated value.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the meta field was updated, WP_Error otherwise.
	 */
	protected function update_meta_value( $object_id, $meta_key, $name, $value ) {
		$meta_type = $this->get_meta_type();

		// Do the exact same check for a duplicate value as in update_metadata() to avoid update_metadata() returning false.
		$old_value = get_metadata( $meta_type, $object_id, $meta_key );
		$subtype   = get_object_subtype( $meta_type, $object_id );

		if ( is_array( $old_value ) && 1 === count( $old_value )
			&& $this->is_meta_value_same_as_stored_value( $meta_key, $subtype, $old_value[0], $value )
		) {
			return true;
		}

		if ( ! current_user_can( "edit_{$meta_type}_meta", $object_id, $meta_key ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_update',
				/* translators: %s: Custom field key. */
				sprintf( __( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit the %s custom field.' ), $name ),
				array(
					'key'    => $name,
					'status' => rest_authorization_required_code(),
				)
			);
		}

		if ( ! update_metadata( $meta_type, $object_id, wp_slash( $meta_key ), wp_slash( $value ) ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_meta_database_error',
				/* translators: %s: Custom field key. */
				sprintf( __( 'Could not update the meta value of %s in database.' ), $meta_key ),
				array(
					'key'    => $name,
					'status' => WP_Http::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR,
				)
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if the user provided value is equivalent to a stored value for the given meta key.
	 *
	 * @since 5.5.0
	 *
	 * @param string $meta_key     The meta key being checked.
	 * @param string $subtype      The object subtype.
	 * @param mixed  $stored_value The currently stored value retrieved from get_metadata().
	 * @param mixed  $user_value   The value provided by the user.
	 * @return bool
	 */
	protected function is_meta_value_same_as_stored_value( $meta_key, $subtype, $stored_value, $user_value ) {
		$args      = $this->get_registered_fields()[ $meta_key ];
		$sanitized = sanitize_meta( $meta_key, $user_value, $this->get_meta_type(), $subtype );

		if ( in_array( $args['type'], array( 'string', 'number', 'integer', 'boolean' ), true ) ) {
			// The return value of get_metadata will always be a string for scalar types.
			$sanitized = (string) $sanitized;
		}

		return $sanitized === $stored_value;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves all the registered meta fields.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Registered fields.
	 */
	protected function get_registered_fields() {
		$registered = array();

		$meta_type    = $this->get_meta_type();
		$meta_subtype = $this->get_meta_subtype();

		$meta_keys = get_registered_meta_keys( $meta_type );
		if ( ! empty( $meta_subtype ) ) {
			$meta_keys = array_merge( $meta_keys, get_registered_meta_keys( $meta_type, $meta_subtype ) );
		}

		foreach ( $meta_keys as $name => $args ) {
			if ( empty( $args['show_in_rest'] ) ) {
				continue;
			}

			$rest_args = array();

			if ( is_array( $args['show_in_rest'] ) ) {
				$rest_args = $args['show_in_rest'];
			}

			$default_args = array(
				'name'             => $name,
				'single'           => $args['single'],
				'type'             => ! empty( $args['type'] ) ? $args['type'] : null,
				'schema'           => array(),
				'prepare_callback' => array( $this, 'prepare_value' ),
			);

			$default_schema = array(
				'type'        => $default_args['type'],
				'description' => empty( $args['description'] ) ? '' : $args['description'],
				'default'     => isset( $args['default'] ) ? $args['default'] : null,
			);

			$rest_args           = array_merge( $default_args, $rest_args );
			$rest_args['schema'] = array_merge( $default_schema, $rest_args['schema'] );

			$type = ! empty( $rest_args['type'] ) ? $rest_args['type'] : null;
			$type = ! empty( $rest_args['schema']['type'] ) ? $rest_args['schema']['type'] : $type;

			if ( null === $rest_args['schema']['default'] ) {
				$rest_args['schema']['default'] = static::get_empty_value_for_type( $type );
			}

			$rest_args['schema'] = rest_default_additional_properties_to_false( $rest_args['schema'] );

			if ( ! in_array( $type, array( 'string', 'boolean', 'integer', 'number', 'array', 'object' ), true ) ) {
				continue;
			}

			if ( empty( $rest_args['single'] ) ) {
				$rest_args['schema'] = array(
					'type'  => 'array',
					'items' => $rest_args['schema'],
				);
			}

			$registered[ $name ] = $rest_args;
		}

		return $registered;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the object's meta schema, conforming to JSON Schema.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Field schema data.
	 */
	public function get_field_schema() {
		$fields = $this->get_registered_fields();

		$schema = array(
			'description' => __( 'Meta fields.' ),
			'type'        => 'object',
			'context'     => array( 'view', 'edit' ),
			'properties'  => array(),
			'arg_options' => array(
				'sanitize_callback' => null,
				'validate_callback' => array( $this, 'check_meta_is_array' ),
			),
		);

		foreach ( $fields as $args ) {
			$schema['properties'][ $args['name'] ] = $args['schema'];
		}

		return $schema;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a meta value for output.
	 *
	 * Default preparation for meta fields. Override by passing the
	 * `prepare_callback` in your `show_in_rest` options.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param mixed           $value   Meta value from the database.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @param array           $args    REST-specific options for the meta key.
	 * @return mixed Value prepared for output. If a non-JsonSerializable object, null.
	 */
	public static function prepare_value( $value, $request, $args ) {
		if ( $args['single'] ) {
			$schema = $args['schema'];
		} else {
			$schema = $args['schema']['items'];
		}

		if ( '' === $value && in_array( $schema['type'], array( 'boolean', 'integer', 'number' ), true ) ) {
			$value = static::get_empty_value_for_type( $schema['type'] );
		}

		if ( is_wp_error( rest_validate_value_from_schema( $value, $schema ) ) ) {
			return null;
		}

		return rest_sanitize_value_from_schema( $value, $schema );
	}

	/**
	 * Check the 'meta' value of a request is an associative array.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param mixed           $value   The meta value submitted in the request.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @param string          $param   The parameter name.
	 * @return array|false The meta array, if valid, false otherwise.
	 */
	public function check_meta_is_array( $value, $request, $param ) {
		if ( ! is_array( $value ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return $value;
	}

	/**
	 * Recursively add additionalProperties = false to all objects in a schema if no additionalProperties setting
	 * is specified.
	 *
	 * This is needed to restrict properties of objects in meta values to only
	 * registered items, as the REST API will allow additional properties by
	 * default.
	 *
	 * @since 5.3.0
	 * @deprecated 5.6.0 Use rest_default_additional_properties_to_false() instead.
	 *
	 * @param array $schema The schema array.
	 * @return array
	 */
	protected function default_additional_properties_to_false( $schema ) {
		_deprecated_function( __METHOD__, '5.6.0', 'rest_default_additional_properties_to_false()' );

		return rest_default_additional_properties_to_false( $schema );
	}

	/**
	 * Gets the empty value for a schema type.
	 *
	 * @since 5.3.0
	 *
	 * @param string $type The schema type.
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	protected static function get_empty_value_for_type( $type ) {
		switch ( $type ) {
			case 'string':
				return '';
			case 'boolean':
				return false;
			case 'integer':
				return 0;
			case 'number':
				return 0.0;
			case 'array':
			case 'object':
				return array();
			default:
				return null;
		}
	}
}