sed in the action claim query.
		 *
		 * @since x.x.x
		 *
		 * @param string $order_by_sql
		 */
		$order    = apply_filters( 'action_scheduler_claim_actions_order_by', 'ORDER BY attempts ASC, scheduled_date_gmt ASC, action_id ASC' );
		$params[] = $limit;

		$sql           = $wpdb->prepare( "{$update} {$where} {$order} LIMIT %d", $params ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared, WordPress.DB.PreparedSQLPlaceholders
		$rows_affected = $wpdb->query( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared, WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery.DirectQuery, WordPress.DB.DirectDatabaseQuery.NoCaching
		if ( false === $rows_affected ) {
			throw new \RuntimeException( __( 'Unable to claim actions. Database error.', 'action-scheduler' ) );
		}

		return (int) $rows_affected;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the number of active claims.
	 *
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function get_claim_count() {
		global $wpdb;

		$sql = "SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT claim_id) FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE claim_id != 0 AND status IN ( %s, %s)";
		$sql = $wpdb->prepare( $sql, array( self::STATUS_PENDING, self::STATUS_RUNNING ) ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared

		return (int) $wpdb->get_var( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
	}

	/**
	 * Return an action's claim ID, as stored in the claim_id column.
	 *
	 * @param string $action_id Action ID.
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function get_claim_id( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;

		$sql = "SELECT claim_id FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE action_id=%d";
		$sql = $wpdb->prepare( $sql, $action_id ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared

		return (int) $wpdb->get_var( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the action IDs of action in a claim.
	 *
	 * @param  int $claim_id Claim ID.
	 * @return int[]
	 */
	public function find_actions_by_claim_id( $claim_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;

		$action_ids  = array();
		$before_date = isset( $this->claim_before_date ) ? $this->claim_before_date : as_get_datetime_object();
		$cut_off     = $before_date->format( 'Y-m-d H:i:s' );

		$sql = $wpdb->prepare(
			"SELECT action_id, scheduled_date_gmt FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE claim_id = %d",
			$claim_id
		);

		// Verify that the scheduled date for each action is within the expected bounds (in some unusual
		// cases, we cannot depend on MySQL to honor all of the WHERE conditions we specify).
		foreach ( $wpdb->get_results( $sql ) as $claimed_action ) { // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
			if ( $claimed_action->scheduled_date_gmt <= $cut_off ) {
				$action_ids[] = absint( $claimed_action->action_id );
			}
		}

		return $action_ids;
	}

	/**
	 * Release actions from a claim and delete the claim.
	 *
	 * @param ActionScheduler_ActionClaim $claim Claim object.
	 */
	public function release_claim( ActionScheduler_ActionClaim $claim ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$wpdb->update( $wpdb->actionscheduler_actions, array( 'claim_id' => 0 ), array( 'claim_id' => $claim->get_id() ), array( '%d' ), array( '%d' ) );
		$wpdb->delete( $wpdb->actionscheduler_claims, array( 'claim_id' => $claim->get_id() ), array( '%d' ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Remove the claim from an action.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function unclaim_action( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$wpdb->update(
			$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions,
			array( 'claim_id' => 0 ),
			array( 'action_id' => $action_id ),
			array( '%s' ),
			array( '%d' )
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Mark an action as failed.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException Throw an exception if action was not updated.
	 */
	public function mark_failure( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$updated = $wpdb->update(
			$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions,
			array( 'status' => self::STATUS_FAILED ),
			array( 'action_id' => $action_id ),
			array( '%s' ),
			array( '%d' )
		);
		if ( empty( $updated ) ) {
			throw new \InvalidArgumentException( sprintf( __( 'Unidentified action %s', 'action-scheduler' ), $action_id ) ); //phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingTranslatorsComment
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add execution message to action log.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function log_execution( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;

		$sql = "UPDATE {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} SET attempts = attempts+1, status=%s, last_attempt_gmt = %s, last_attempt_local = %s WHERE action_id = %d";
		$sql = $wpdb->prepare( $sql, self::STATUS_RUNNING, current_time( 'mysql', true ), current_time( 'mysql' ), $action_id ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
		$wpdb->query( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
	}

	/**
	 * Mark an action as complete.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 *
	 * @return void
	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException Throw an exception if action was not updated.
	 */
	public function mark_complete( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$updated = $wpdb->update(
			$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions,
			array(
				'status'             => self::STATUS_COMPLETE,
				'last_attempt_gmt'   => current_time( 'mysql', true ),
				'last_attempt_local' => current_time( 'mysql' ),
			),
			array( 'action_id' => $action_id ),
			array( '%s' ),
			array( '%d' )
		);
		if ( empty( $updated ) ) {
			throw new \InvalidArgumentException( sprintf( __( 'Unidentified action %s', 'action-scheduler' ), $action_id ) ); //phpcs:ignore WordPress.WP.I18n.MissingTranslatorsComment
		}

		/**
		 * Fires after a scheduled action has been completed.
		 *
		 * @since 3.4.2
		 *
		 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
		 */
		do_action( 'action_scheduler_completed_action', $action_id );
	}

	/**
	 * Get an action's status.
	 *
	 * @param int $action_id Action ID.
	 *
	 * @return string
	 * @throws \InvalidArgumentException Throw an exception if not status was found for action_id.
	 * @throws \RuntimeException Throw an exception if action status could not be retrieved.
	 */
	public function get_status( $action_id ) {
		/** @var \wpdb $wpdb */
		global $wpdb;
		$sql    = "SELECT status FROM {$wpdb->actionscheduler_actions} WHERE action_id=%d";
		$sql    = $wpdb->prepare( $sql, $action_id ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
		$status = $wpdb->get_var( $sql ); // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared

		if ( null === $status ) {
			throw new \InvalidArgumentException( __( 'Invalid action ID. No status found.', 'action-scheduler' ) );
		} elseif ( empty( $status ) ) {
			throw new \RuntimeException( __( 'Unknown status found for action.', 'action-scheduler' ) );
		} else {
			return $status;
		}
	}
}